1
Scope
of Market in the Automotive Industry
The scope of the automotive industry Is getting
wider in today`s business. The job market includes research and innovation in
fast-changing scenarios. There are possibilities for suppliers to provide
automotive components. Also, a huge market lies behind in the distribution of
the parts.
OEM means Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM).
Companies manufacture items that are utilized in the production process of an
automobile or become part of an automobile and supply these goods actively or
indirectly to an automobile manufacturer. These are known as automotive suppliers.
Today`s market trend in the automotive industry is affected by mega trends such as global warming, air pollution: and combustion engine burning oil. Petroleum resources depletion and future vehicle technology. For example, from Hydrogen to mechanical energy.
1.1
Pestel
Analysis
Automobile industry pestle analysis Vehicles,
automobiles, bikes, and public transportation are all part of the automotive
sector. In terms of sales and profit, it is the world's largest industry.
Automobiles have become an integral part of our daily life. They help us in more ways than just transportation. Every ride we take adds value to our lives. Most importantly, the automobile sector understands its importance and economic consequences.
The pestle analysis analyses the environmental factors affecting the world`s largest industry. For example, in the political aspect in terms of carbon emission regulations affecting the automobile industry, politicians have recognized the public's growing concern about the environment.
They're now taking the chance to address public anxiety by implementing new carbon emission environmental rules. And there are so many examples of environmental factors like economic factors affecting the automotive industry such as the corona pandemic -19. Safety, social factors, and trends are also counted in pestle analysis.
2
IC
Engine Working Principle
In the first law of
thermodynamics, it is indicated that the energy is firstly created then it is
converted to another energy type. The energy never disappears, it is always
there but converted to another type of energy. For example, mechanical to
electrical energy. The engine converts energy to drive.
To carry out the complete
combustion inside the combustion chamber, the internal combustion engine
utilizes input energy in the form of an air-fuel mixture. When
the air-fuel mixture within the engine cylinder combusts, it produces a
high-pressure and high-temperature force acting on the pistons to produce
productive work. The piston swings forward and backward as the force acts on
it, converting the heat energy into mechanical energy and moving the vehicle.
The gasoline igniting process
in an IC engine takes place inside the engine. The engine turns the heat energy
of the fuel into rotatory motion during the combustion phase as 4 stroke cycle.
A connecting rod and a crankshaft motor transfer power to the driving shaft. The inlet and discharge valves control the flow of working fuel and exhaust gases to and from the engine. A piston, combustion chamber, carburetor, connecting shaft, and crankshaft are all part of an IC engine.
The engine draws air from the
atmosphere and combines it with gasoline. The compressed air-fuel mixture is
compressed by a piston, and the compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited by a
spark plug. The air-fuel mixture expands after combustion. The piston is pushed
by the expanding gas, which turns the crankshaft. Finally, through a gear
system, this crank movement moves the wheels of various autos.
2.1
IC
Engine 4 Stroke Cycle Principle
When a piston travels to the end of its range whether upward or down, that is a stroke. Car engines use 4 stroke cycle. First, intake. In this state, the piston sucks an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder.
Here both intake valves are open. The second is compression, where both valves are closed, and the piston comes back up. The third is the power stroke, where the connecting rod transfers the power to the crankshaft.
At the latest stage, we have exhausted, and the piston comes back up
and pushes the mixture out to the open exhaust valves and exhaust port where
multiple pistons exist. For power to be delivered, pistons take turns.
Camshafts push spring-loaded valves open in turn. Cam gears timing belt or
chain links everything to the crankshaft and they all spin together.
2.2
IC
Engine Main Parts & Their Tasks
Basically, the internal engine’s main parts are the spark plug, fuel entrance, cylinder,
piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, and crankcase sump.
·
Under the hood: This refers to
everything under the automobile. They are the engine, clutch plate, gearbox,
and differential.
·
Spark Plug: The purpose of a spark
plug in a spark-ignition engine is to create a high-intensity spark for the
combustion of fuel and air in the cylinder.
·
Power train: This converts energy
into power.
·
Cylinder: It is the engine's heart,
where fuel is burned, and power is generated.
·
Piston: The piston's job is to convey
gas force to the connecting rod, and so to the crank. It moves about inside the
cylinder. Because of its strength, the piston is usually made of cast steel and
aluminum alloy.
·
Connecting rod: The piston load is
transmitted to the crank via the connecting rod. It converts the piston's
reciprocating action into rotary motion.
·
Crankshaft: Translates piston power
to the engine.
·
Engine Block: The engine block holds
the crankshaft and cylinder.
·
Cylinder head: Holds valves ports and
cams
·
Valves and valve trains: Each engine
has two valve intake and exhaust valves. The intakes are open before intake
stroke start. The exhaust valve opens just before the exhaust stroke starts.
2.3
IC
Engine Types
The classification of engines
is based on the type of fuel burned, the type of design, the type of ignition,
the number of cylinders, the arrangement of the cylinders, the arrangement of
valve trains, the types of cooling, and the number of strokes 2 or 4. These
engines are utilized in a variety of industries, including the automobile,
aerospace, and marine industries, and are used in diverse areas depending on
their applicability.
Automotive engines are internal combustion
engines. Internal combustion (IC) engines are currently available in two types:
spark-ignition
petrol engines and compression-ignition diesel engines. Most of these engines
are four-stroke cycle engines requiring four piston strokes to complete a
cycle.
2.3.1
According
to design criteria
Reciprocating
engine: A reciprocating engine consists of a piston and a cylinder, with the
piston reciprocating within the cylinder. It's termed a reciprocating engine
because the piston moves back and forth. The most popular types of
reciprocating engines are two-stroke and four-stroke engines. Most automotive
types are reciprocating.
Rotary
engine: To generate power the rotor rotates in a rotary engine. No
reciprocating motion exists. In the chamber, there is a rotor that rotates
inside the chamber. Wankel rotary engines and turbine engines are examples of
rotary engines. There are various criteria for engine type but three of them
are the most important, according to fuel type burned, type of ignition, and design criteria.
2.3.2
According
to fuel type burned & type of ignition
The engine is classed as a petrol engine, or diesel
engine depending on the type of fuel used. Also, depending on the fuel type the
ignition methods differ. Ignition can be spark ignition or compression
ignition.
Petrol engine (Spark
ignition): A petrol engine runs on petrol. The spark ignition is
used in petrol. A spark plug is installed in the engine head of a
spark-ignition engine. After the fuel is compressed, the spark plug produces a
spark, which ignites the air-fuel mixture for combustion. Spark ignition
engines are used in petrol engines.
Diesel engine (Compression ignition): A diesel engine
runs on diesel fuel. The ignition method is compression ignition.
In diesel, we do not have ignited sparkle. The cylinder head does not have a
spark plug in a compression ignition engine. The gasoline is ignited by the
compressed air's heat. Compression ignition engines are used in diesel engines.
After fuel mixes with air, it will enter the engine cylinders. The piston
compresses about 1/ 22 of its original value.
3
IC
Engine Cooling Systems
The temperature within an engine can reach 2500
degrees Celsius during operation, which is above the melting point of the
components used to create the engine. As a result, we must make maximum use of
the cooling system to remove the heat.
As we all know, the engine requires a lubrication
system to function properly, however owing to the high heat, the properties of
lubricating oil can change. As a result, the engine was seized. To avoid this,
we must employ a cooling system.
The engine cooling system is one of the most important
components in an Internal Combustion Engine since it helps to keep the internal
components cool. It also aids in the reduction of component wear, as well as
the smooth operation and extended life of the components. Usually, there are
two different types of cooling systems which are:
·
Air Cooling System
·
Water Cooling System
3.1
Air Cooling System
The heat from the engine is released directly into the
atmosphere in this system. The basic principle of this sort of system is to
allow current to flow through the portions out of which heat is to be released,
which is dependent on the surface area of metal in contact with the rate of
airflow, and the temperature difference between the hot surface and the air.
Fins around the copper or steel cylinder will increase the surface area of the
metal.
The advantages of an air-cooling system are weight is
light, and there is no need for antifreeze. This technique can be employed in
areas where there is a lack of water. However, it is noisy compared to the
water-cooling system.
3.2
Water Cooling System
Modern engines use this cooling system. This type of cooling system is now found in all modern engines (cars, buses, and trucks). Cooling water flows upward from the cylinder head to the radiator's top tank, then down through the radiator core to the bottom tank in this system.
With the help of
the water pump, which circulates the water, it goes from the bottom tank to the
cylinder block water jackets via the lower radiator line. Water enters the
engine through the center of the pump's input side. A belt from the crankshaft
drives the circulating pump. The flow of coolant increases as the engine speed
rises.
The advantages of this system are the significant heat transfer rate in this
method of cooling. This type of cooling system is employed when the engine's
size or power is greater. Thermodynamic conductivity is higher. There is no
shortage of water. There are two types of water cooling systems.
· Thermosyphon: The difference in densities between hot and cold water causes water to circulate. However, the rate of cooling with this cooling system is slow. Because we need to keep the water level at a specified level, its use is restricted nowadays. It’s easy to put together and inexpensive.
·
Pump circulation system: The water
circulation in this cooling system is accomplished using a centrifugal pump.
The rate of water flow has increased because of this pump. In this case, the
designer may place the radiator wherever he or she sees it suitable. The pump is
operated by a crankshaft belt.
3.2.1
Parts of Water Cooling System and Their Tasks
·
Radiator: A radiator aids in the
removal of surplus heat generated by the engine.
·
Water Pump: Inside the engine, a
water pump is utilized to drive water circulation. A belt is linked to the
crankshaft and drives the water pump.
·
Fan: A fan blows air through the radiator tubes. It is powered by the same belt that powers the pump.
·
Water Jackets around the Cylinders:
The heat from the engine cylinder is transferred through these jackets.
·
Hose Pipe: The pipe connects the
engine's water jackets and radiator.
· Thermostat Valve: This valve's job is to prevent water from flowing from the engine to the radiator.